كيف اجتمعت الفيزياء والاحياء في الميكنيكا الحيوية؟؟؟؟؟

سجل فى : 14/12/2007

Biological & Mechanical Tools
Anthropologists often remark that one of the most distinguishing characteristics of human evolution was tool creation and use. From the earliest Stone Age tools that date back at least 2 million years to the overwhelming varieties of high technology that envelop us today, it can be said that through tool invention and use, our ancestors radically modified the world and, in turn, themselves.

The biological world relies so exclusively on water and other viscous elements as the essential building blocks of any mechanical system, that to imagine things any differently seems impossible. Yet, paradoxically, that is exactly what humans have done with their environment They have imagined and created a mechanical tool set which rests more profoundly on the tenets of physics than those of biology. Though our intellect is essentially biological, its creations are physical. Only through reproduction do we ever produce a result with the complexity that biology entails, and for that we can take little credit since our role in the process is largely passive after the initial, and instinct- كيف اجتمعت الفيزياء والاحياء في الميكنيكا الحيوية؟؟؟؟؟ Drive1

كيف اجتمعت الفيزياء والاحياء في الميكنيكا الحيوية؟؟؟؟؟ Drive1

n, act of intercourse, which in many unfortunate cases, doesn't live up to its biological potential for flexible interaction due to the acquired

meddlesome influence of .. our intellect

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كيف اجتمعت الفيزياء والاحياء في الميكنيكا الحيوية؟؟؟؟؟ 1140378804_doceng

What must be asked, and what remains a true mystery, is whether the physical nature of things might yield one day to the biological. Can we ever achieve a mechanical paradigm did rests on the principles of biology, or are we hardwired to create non-biological mechanics

T'he question is pertinent to physicians, who constantly straddle the gap between the patient, a purely biological entity, and the cure, which may or may not be. In the case of blood transfusions or organ transplants, our mechanical inventions yield phenomenal results. They serve as the go-between for a profound biological connection. In the case of joint hip or bone replacement the physical and non- biological replaces the innately biological. From a performance standpoint there are costs and risks.

In the end, science will doubtedly find more organic solutions to organic problems. For those tasks that are not organic, a little WD-40 might continue to be just the cure-as long as it doesn't end up in the water supply. For therein lies the ultimate question-do the ends justify the tools? If we answer that question in the negative, we then must ask ourselves whether our intellect, which after all the devised tools we come to question, can rise to the challenge of building a new, more biologically amenable tool set that is equal to or more effective than the older one? It is a question some might say is better left to evolution, but then again, if we can ask it, we might just be able to answer it-in the affirmative.

Definitions of Biomechanic

Our work in Biomechanics will focus upon the application of mechanical principles to the analysis of human motion. At a more general level, biomechanics can be defined as “the science involving the study of biological systems from a mechanical perspective.” (Nelson, 1980). Under this definition, the mechanical principles that influence motion are seen to apply to any organism or the systems within an organism, such as the fluid mechanics of blood flow. Hay (1993) provides a more human-centric definition of biomechanics:

“Biomechanics is the science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces.”
Biomechanics is "the science that examines forces acting upon and within a biological structure and the effects produced by such forces." (Hay, 1973) "Hay's definition implies an understanding of three areas (i) biological structures, (ii) mechanical analysis; and (iii) an understanding of movement." (Milburn, 1996) "A thorough knowledge of anatomy and histology or mechanics will not, in themselves, assist in understanding movement. It is the ability to integrate this knowledge into providing the understanding of movement that distinguishes a good biomechanics programme." (Milburn, 1996)

While we will focus on mechanical principles in this course, it will be very important for us to see the role of biomechanics within the larger area of study in kinesiology. In particular, we should understand the interrelationships between biomechanics and other areas in kinesiology, such as exercise physiology and motor learning

Cycling Biomechanics - Sport & Recreation
The biomechanics staff has extensive experience in cycling biomechanics research and testing dating back to work at the UCLA Biomechanics Laboratory on projects funded by the United States Olympics Sport Science and Technology Committee. In addition to applying this background and experience to bicycle vs. auto collision reconstructions, VSI biomechanists have analyzed cases involving bicycle-rider dynamics and bicycle component failures and/or defect claims

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Shown above is a road racing bicycle test set-up with the various instrumented force pedals developed at UCLA to measure shoe-pedal forces used to assess lower extremity dynamics including overuse knee injuries. More information including numerous scientific publications on cycling knee injury biomechanics can be viewed from our Research & Testing

Above are sample results from testing done for a case involving a specific nerve palsy allegedly caused by a bicycle seat/saddle. Instrumented pressure pads were utilized to evaluate the pressure distribution patterns during pedaling and compared between a racing saddle in a normal upright posture (right) and alternative seats used in a recumbent seated posture (left).

Applications of Biomechanics
• Physical Therapy
• Occupational Therapy
• Medicine
o Orthopedics
o Sports medicine
o Rehabilitation medicine
o Occupational medicine
o Forensic medicine
• Engineering
o Ergonomics (Industrial medicine)
o bioengineering
• Kinesiology (Movement science)
• Arts
o performance arts
o fine arts
A Working Definition
Biomechanics has been around for many years. The term has been used to describe many different disciplines. For purposes of this article, I will use the following working definition:
The scientific methodology concerned with injury thresholds and mechanisms of injury of the musculoskeletal system and related components and their relationship with mechanical forces when physical work tasks are performed.
Biomechanics can determine a range or tolerance threshold of occupational injuries. It is not itself considered a medical function, but an occupational biomechanical practitioner must be trained in anatomy and injury mechanics. Further medical training is required to diagnose and provide treatment.
The Interplay with Ergonomics
Ergonomics studies the efficiency between the human body and the working environment and tasks.
Occupational injury biomechanics addresses injury threshold and injury mechanisms of the ergonomic aspects of the work tasks.
As for the interplay between the two, ergonomics issues, such as sitting, standing, reaching etc. are necessary in any occupational biomechanics study. Injury biomechanics takes this to the next level and determines injury mechanisms and human tolerance during working tasks.
Practitioners of Occupational Biomechanics
Occupational biomechanics is used by many researchers and companies and is taught in many universities, either in conjunction with the public health degrees or OSHA-related degrees. Students of occupational biomechanics include:
• Industrial and production engineers
• Industrial hygienists
• Occupational physicians or nurses
• Orthopedic or rehabilitation physicians, including physical therapists
• Ergonomics and biomechanics personnel
• Safety managers and labor relations personnel.
How Companies Use Occupational Biomechanics
Today's companies apply occupational biomechanics to improve working conditions.
For example, a company seeking to expand or redesign its workplace would benefit from an occupational biomechanics study relating to machines, tools, workstation benches, etc. A company may also feel that its injury rate is intolerable and require an occupational biomechanics study, complete with suggested improvements.
In assessing the workplace, occupational biomechanics uses the laws of physics and engineering concepts to describe the force on the motion of various body segments and their related forces during occupational functions and tasks. For example, lifting is a mechanism of injury if it is not performed properly or the tolerance levels are beyond the threshold for human injury. This is very important in material handling tasks.

كيف اجتمعت الفيزياء والاحياء في الميكنيكا الحيوية؟؟؟؟؟ BioImage3

كيف اجتمعت الفيزياء والاحياء في الميكنيكا الحيوية؟؟؟؟؟ BioImage3

{.... توقيع bassma ....}

**{..زائر..}** زائر

لا اله الا الله
هي النسخه نازله من غير ترجمه؟
انا طبعا مش فاهم حاجه
بس هايل ا سمسمه

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**{..زائر..}** زائر

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سجل فى : 15/01/2007

انا اية اللى جابنى هنا ...؟؟؟؟

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